Curriculum (syllabus) of Master of Optometry (M. Optom), Pokhara University

Pokhara University

Master of Optometry (M.Optom)

Curriculum

1.      Introduction

The main goal of the M. OptomProgram is to strive for academic excellence, encourage the development in Eye and Visual system technologies, and incorporate new ideas and leadership quality in the field of Eye health.This will result in production a competent, compassionate and community-oriented optometristwho can lead the Eye health sector by establishing leadership quality regarding eye health technology, Primary to Tertiary Eye care service, Promotion of quality service for eye problems and visual disabilities.After completion of this course, the graduates would contribute for educating people on Eye Health service and Vision rehabilitation.

2.      Program Objectives

The specific objectives of the program are as follows:

·         Provide optometrists with up-to-date research-based and theoretical knowledge on Eye and Visual system particularly in primary care optometry.

·         Develop skill in in-depth management/co-management of eye and vision system disorders with other medical disciplines.

·         Provide student with comprehensive knowledge on Research and Statistics and its translation for improving quality of eye and vision care service.

·         To introduce new and more precise techniques into the investigation and correction of vision related problems in patients and provide knowledge on various sub-specialties.

·         To be able to act as an educator for undergraduate and postgraduate students.

3.      Major Components of curriculum

·         Ocular disorders

·         Ocular diagnostics

·         Behavioral optometry

·         Occupational optometry

·         Neuro-Optometry

·         Biostatistics& Research Methodology

4.      Program Features

This is a 4 semesters (2 years) course, which involves course work, clinical and teaching assignments, patient care, and research and dissertation projects. Educative seminars, hands-on training sessions, workshops and special lectures will be conducted regularly.

5.      Entry Requirements and Admission Procedures

To be eligible to apply for admission to the M Optom program, an applicant must have

·         Bachelor of Optometry (B Optom) degree or Bachelor of Optometry and Vision Science (B Optom) or Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) or B.Sc In Optometry (B.Sc Optom) from a recognized university/institution.

·         Obtained a minimum CGPA of 2.5/4 or 55 % in bachelor level (required level/degree)

·         Registered to Nepal Health Professional Council (NHPC) (Exception to international students)

·         One year of work experience in related field

The final decision on admission is taken on the basis of entrance examination conducted by Faculty of Health Science, Pokhara University.

DocumentsRequired for Admission

The applicant is required to submit copies of the following documents with the application form made available by the concerned college/school/university:

·         Completed and signed application form

·         Transcript/Mark-sheet,Transferand Character Certificates, and Citizenship/Passport

·         Experience letter

Certificates of all degrees should be photocopied and submitted with proper attestation. Enrolment is conditional upon completion of all admission formalities including payment of fee determined by the school/college. Incomplete application shall not be processed.

Admission Procedures

Admission notice will be announced in Local/National News Paper/s. Application form and information brochure will be provided after the payment of the prescribed fee. The eligible candidates are to be informed to attend theentrance examination.

6.      Academic Schedule and Course Registration

The intake will be taken once a year either in fall or spring session. Selected candidate is required to register assigned courses at the beginning of eachsemester mandatorily.

7.      Attendance Requirements

The students must attend every lecture, tutorial and practical class. However, to accommodate for late registration, sickness and other such contingencies, the attendance requirements will be a minimum of 80% of the classes actually held. Students will get NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) in terms of class attendance status if s/he fails to maintain 80% attendance in any course.

8.      Normal and Maximum Duration of Study

The normal duration and the maximum duration for the completion of the requirements for the M Optom program are as follows:

·         Normal duration: 24 months (4 semesters)

·         Maximum duration: 4+1 years from the date of registration.

(All the courses have to be completed within 4 years, and additional 1 year can be given to Thesis work on special request upon the approval of concerned authority)

9.      Evaluation System

A student’s academic performance in a course is evaluated in two phases as:

·         Internally by the concerned faculty member/s and

·         Externally by the Office of the Controller of Examinations through semester-end examinations.

A sixty percent weight is given to internal evaluation and forty percent weight is given to external evaluation (Semester-end examination). The pass mark for both the internal evaluation and external evaluation (Semester-end examination) is 60%. A student must qualify in both evaluations separately to get a pass grade in a particular course. The final grade awarded to a student in a course is based on his/her consolidated performance in both internal and external evaluations.

The details of the criteria for internal evaluation will be as described in the internal evaluation guideline. The internal evaluation may consist of various components like project works, quizzes, presentations, written examinations, reflection notes preparation, and the like. A student will get NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) status in the internal evaluation if his/her performance falls below the minimum requirements. Such students will not be allowed to appear in the semester-end examination of that particular course.

Evaluation of Thesis

·         Internal (60%)

o   Preparation of proposal and defense                                      20%

o   Thesis report                                                                            30%

o   Thesis defense                                                                         10%    

·         External (40%)

o   Thesis report                                                                            20%

o   Thesis defense (presentation and viva)                                   20%

Evaluation of Practicum courses:

The concerned school/college will conduct internal and final evaluation of practicum courses following the rules and directives of office of the controller of examination.

Grading System

Pokhara University follows a four points (4.0) letter/ grade system. The letter /grades awarded to students will be as follows:

Letter Grade              Grade Point                           Description
A                                             4.0                               Excellent
A-                                            3.7
B+                                           3.3                               Good
B                                             3.0                               Fair

B-                                            2.7

C+                                           2.3                                                      

C                                             2.0                               Pass in Individual Course
F                                              Below 2.0                    Fail

If a student cannot finish all the assigned works for the course, he/she will be given an incomplete grade ‘I’. If all the required assignments are not completed within the following semester, the grade of ‘I’ will automatically be converted into ‘F’.

The performance of a student is evaluated in terms of two indices: (a) Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) which is the grade point average of the particular semester, and (b) Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) which is the grade point average of all the semesters.

                        SGPA = Total honor points earned in a semester divided by total number of credits registered in a semester

                        CGPA= Total honor points earned divided by total number of credits completed

Where,

Honor point = Grade point earned in a subject x Number of credits assigned to that subject

Distinction and Dean’s List

A studentwho obtains a CGPAof 3.75 or better will receive the M Optom degree with distinction. The Dean’s list recognizes outstanding academic performance in the program. To qualify to this list, a student must have a CGPA of 3.80 or better.

Award of Degree

On completion of all the requirements with CGPA of 3.0 or better, the student will be awarded a degree of Master

10.  Repeating a Course, Addition and Withdrawal from the Course

A course may be taken only once for grade. Since passing of all courses individually is a degree requirement, the student must retake the failing course when offered and must successfully complete the course. A student will be allowed to retake maximum of two courses to achieve a minimum CGPA of 3.0. The grade earned on the retake examination will substitute the earlier grade earned by the student in that course. A student can retake a course only when it is offered by the college/university.

11.  Credit Transfer and Withdrawal

A maximum of 25% of the total credit hours of course work completed by a student in an equivalent program of a recognized university/institution may be transferred/waived for credit by the Dean on the recommendation of the principal/head of the school/college. However, for such transfer of credit, a student must have received a grade ‘B’ or better in the respective course. Courses taken more than two years earlier than the date of application will not be accepted for transfer of credit.

Credit transfers will also be allowed from different programs of Pokhara University. In such cases, all credits earned by students in compatible courses with a minimum grade of B may be transferred to the new program.

12.  Degree Requirements

To earn graduate degree from the M Optometry program,

·         A student should have a ‘C’ or better grade in each of the courses as specified in the curricular structure section;

·         Completed all the courses, practical work and thesis as specified in the curricular structure section within the maximum time period specified in the normal and maximum duration of the study section;

·         Have a final CGPA of 3 or better on the university’s 4.0 grade scale, and

·         No outstanding financial obligations to the university.

13.  Curricular Structure and Course Cycle

The curriculum is designed to enhance the knowledge, develop competency and leadership capability in students regarding Eye and Vision Care system which will in turn make them successful in promoting eye health service. The coursework concentrates on current condition of eye health service, Primary optometry care, ongoing Eye and vision research, advance technologies and diagnostics, Visual rehabilitation and Community eye projects. The curriculum comprises the followingtwo distinct components:

·         Core Courses:The core subjects concentrate on comprehensive knowledge on general topics.Furthermore, it will provide students with an opportunity for in-depth study in various sub-specialties.

·         Thesis:Thesis is divided into two components:

o   Clinical Thesis: Clinical thesis accounts for research study done in hospital setting.

o   Community Eye Health report: Community Eye Health reportis analysis of the community data in research.

·         Posting 1, 2 and 3 will be assessed internally and no university exam will be conducted for these.

·         Posting 4 will have a university exam at the end of the course i.e. in the fourth semester.

·          

Pokhara University

Master ofoptometry (M.Optom)

CURRICULAR STRUCTURE AND COURSE CYCLE

Semester I

Course Code	Course Description	Credit Hours
OPT 501	Advanced Ocular Diagnostics	4
OPT 502	Clinical Ophthalmology I	2
OPT 503	Clinical Ophthalmology II	3
OPT 504	Research Methodology	2
OPT 505	Biostatistics	2
OPT 506	Ocular Pharmacology	2
OPT 541	Posting I (Retina, Glaucoma, Pediatric, Uvea and Extra Ocular Disease)	3
	Total	18

Semester II

Course Code	Course Description	Credit Hours
OPT 551	Advanced Contact Lenses	4
OPT 552	Refractive Surgery, Eye Banking and Ocular Prosthesis	2
OPT 553	Neuro-Optometry	4
OPT 554	Visual Rehabilitation in Visual Impairment	3
OPT 555	Applied Optics and Ophthalmic Dispensing	3
OPT 591	Posting II (Contact Lens, Refractive Surgery, Eye Banking, Ocular Prosthesis, Neuro)	3
	Total	19

Semester III

Course Code	Course Description	Credit Hours
OPT 601	Visual Rehabilitation in Binocular Vision Anomalies	3
OPT 602	Sports Vision, Environmental and Occupational Optometry	3
OPT 603	Teaching Methodology	2
OPT 604	Community Eye Health and Project Management	3
OPT 605	Entrepreneurship and Professional Ethics	3
OPT 641	Field Practice on Community Eye Health Project	2
OPT 642	Posting III (Teaching Methodology, Low Vision, Vision Therapy, Ocular Diagnostics, Ophthalmic Imaging)	3
	Total	19

Semester IV

Course Code	Course Description	Credit Hours
OPT 651	Elective Course	2
OPT 691	Clinical Dissertation	9
OPT 692	Posting IV (Community and Ophthalmic Dispensing)	3
	Total	14

First Semester

OPT 501,Advanced Ocular Diagnostics

M.Optom, First Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course will help students to understand use of various diagnostic procedures in ophthalmology. Students will have core concept on principle, procedure and interpretation of various diagnostics procedure.

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

·         Describe Principle, Methods and Interpretation of Diagnostic procedures for eyelid, Extraocular motility and globe evaluation.

·         Describe Principle, Methods and Interpretation of Diagnostic Procedures for evaluation of Lacrimal apparatus/Drainage system.

·         Describe Principle, Methods and Interpretation of Diagnostic Procedures of measuring Corneal Parameters.

·         Describe Principle, Methods and Interpretation of Biometry and IOL power Calculation.

·         Describe Principle, Methods and Interpretation of Diagnostic procedures for Evaluation of Vitreous body.

·         Describe Principle, Methods and Interpretation of Diagnostic Procedures for Evaluation of Retina and Optic Nerve, Posterior Visual pathway.

·         Describe electrophysiological processes in eye.

·         Describe Principle, Procedure, interpretation of electrophysiological tests with Electroretinogram (ERG).

·         Describe Principle, Procedure, interpretation of electrophysiological tests with Visual Evoked Potential (VEP).

·         Describe Principle, Procedure, interpretation of electrophysiological tests with Electro-oculogram (EOG)

Course Contents

Unit I: Evaluation of Eyelid parameters, Globe and Extraocular motility          6 hours

·         Basic evaluation of eyelid

·         Ptosis Evaluation

·         Exophthalmometry

·         Extraocular motility testing

·         Forced Duction and Forced Generation test

Unit II: Evaluation of lacrimal Apparatus and Drainage System                       7 hours

·         Evaluation of Lacrimal Drainage System

·         Evaluation of Dry eye

·         Evaluation of Tear quality

Unit III: Measurement of Corneal parameters, Aberrometry and Sensitivity    10hours

·         Projection based Corneal topography

·         Elevation Based Corneal topography

·         Pachymetry

·         Specular/Confocal microscopy

·         Aberrometry

·         Corneal Sensitivity Testing

Unit IV: Biometry and IOL power Calculation.                                                    3 hours

·         Biometry

·         IOL Power Calculation

Unit V: Evaluation of Vitreous Body                                                                      2 hours

Unit VI: Evaluation of Retina, Choroid, Optic Nerve and Posterior Visual Pathway

                                                                                                                                    8 hours

·         Photography based evaluation

·         Tomography Scans

·         Visual Field Evaluation (Manual/Automatic)

·         Ultrasound Scans

·         CT Scan (Head and Orbit)

·         MRI scan (fMRI)

·         MRA and MRV

Unit VII: Electrophysiological Process in Eye                                                         8 hours

·         Introduction to electric potential in cells and nerves.

·         Generation of electric impulse, change in ion concentration across cell membrane and conduction.

·         Concept of Current, Voltage and Impedance.

Unit VIII: Electroretinogram                                                                                   8 hours

·         Introduction and history of electroretinogram

·         Stimuli and neurophysiological basis of ERG and its Principle.

·         Origin of ERG waves and its Components.

·         Types of ERG protocols (ISCEV Protocols)

·         Procedures of ERG testing (ISCEV protocols)

·         Interpretation of Results of ERG with Disease correlation.

Unit IX: Visually Evoked potential (VEP)                                                              8 hours

·         Introduction and History of VEP.

·         Stimuli and neurophysiological basis of VEP and its Principle.

·         Origin of VEP waves and its Components.

·         Types of VEP protocols (ISCEV Protocols)

·         Procedures of VEP testing (ISCEV protocols)

·         Interpretation of Results of VEP with Disease correlation.

Unit X: Electro-Oculogram (EOG)                                                                         4 hours

·         Introduction and History of EOG.

·         Stimuli and neurophysiological basis of EOG and its Principle.

·         Origin of EOG waves and its Components.

·         Procedures of EOG testing (ISCEV protocols)

·         Interpretation of Results of EOG with Disease correlation.

Reference:

1.      John R. Heckenlively, Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision, Bradford Book;2^nd edition

2.      Michael Kaschke, Optical Devices in Ophthalmology and Optometry: Technology, Design Principles and Clinical Applications, Wiley-VCH; 1 edition                 

3.      John F. Amos, Clinical Procedures in Optometry, J. B. Lippincott (April 1, 1991)

4.      Wolfgang Drexler, Optical Coherence Tomography, Springer; 2nd edition

5.      Michael W. Belin, Elevation Based Corneal Tomography,Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2^ndedition      

6.      Mazen M. Sinjab, Step by Step: Reading Pentacam Topography: (Basic and Case Study Series),Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2^ndedition  

7.      G.R. Reddy, Visual Field Evaluation with Automated Devices, JPB; 2^ndedition

8.      Thomas Walsh,Visual Fields (Ophthalmology Monograph), Oxford University Press; 3^rdedition

9.      DiBernardo, Ophthalmic Ultrasound, TNY; 2^ndedition

10.  Stefan Dithmar, Fluorescence Angiography in Ophthalmology, Springer; 2008 edition

11.  Mark Rosenfield, Optometry: Science, Techniques and Clinical Management, Butterworth-Heinemann; 2^ndedition         

OPT 502, Clinical Ophthalmology I

M.Optom, First Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course is designed to develop the student’s skill in assessment and management of orbit and eye lid related diseases and anterior segment diseases (cornea, conjunctiva, lens and glaucoma)

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to

·         Identify various eyelid andoculoplastic conditions and get knowledge about management of these conditions.

·         To explain causes of dry eye disease and its management

·         To identify different infective, ecstatic, degenerative dystrophic corneal disorders.

·         To identify and manage different types of infective, degenerative, neoplastic, inflammatory conjunctival diseases

·         To identify different types of cataract (Age related cataract, congenital complicated, systemic diseases related) and their surgical approach.

·         To identify different type of glaucoma and its management.

·         To describe different types tests for intraocular pressure measurement.

·         To describe different tests for glaucoma diagnosis ( Gonioscopy, Humphrey Visual fields FDT OCT)

Course Contents

Unit I: Disorders of the eye lids /orbit                                                                     6 hours

·         Blepharitis/meibominitis

·         Ectropion, entropion,

·         Ptosis

·         Tumors of the eyelids and orbit

·         Proptosis

·         Thyroid ophthalmopathy

·         Disorders of lacrimal drainage system

Unit II: Disorders of the cornea                                                                               7 hours

·         Corneal abrasions

·         Infective keratitis

·         Non infective keratitis and peripheral ulcerative keratitis

·         Ectactic disorders of cornea (Keratoconus)

·         Contact lens related diseases

·         Corneal dystrophy and degenerations

·         Indications and type of corneal transplantation

Unit III:Disorders of conjunctiva                                                                            5 hours

·         Conjunctivitis (Viral Bacterial, allergic)

·         Conjunctival degenerations (Pinguecula, pterygium)

·         Conjunctival neoplasm

·         Conjunctival inflammation   e.g.  Steven Johnson’s syndrome

·         Dry eyes

Unit IV: Cataracts                                                                                                    6 hours     

·         Age related

·         Congenital

·         Complicated

·         Associated with systemic disorders

·         Pre and post operative management of cataract

Unit V: Glaucoma                                                                                                     8 hours

·         Definition, classification, etiology of glaucoma

·         Angle closure glaucoma (Classification, etiology, signs and symptoms and management)

·         Open angle glaucoma

·         Congenital glaucoma

·         Secondary glaucoma

·         Intraocular pressure and different methods of measurements

·         Different types of tests related to glaucoma (Gonioscopy, HVF, FDP, OCT)

Reference:

1.      Brad Bowling, Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, Saunders Ltd.; 8^th edition

2.      Edward J Holland, Ocular Surface Disease: Cornea, Conjunctiva and Tear Film, Saunders;1^st edition

3.      Miller Daniel M. Albert, Albert &Jakobiec's Principles & Practice of Ophthalmology I, II, III, IV, Saunders;3^rd edition

4.      American Academy of ophthalmology series, American Academy of Ophthalmology

5.      Nika Bagheri, Wills eye Manual, LWW; Seventh edition

6.      Robert L. Stamper, Becker-Shaffer's Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucomas, Mosby; 8^th edition

OPT 503, Clinical Ophthalmology II

M.Optom, First Semester, First Year

                                               

Course Description

This course is designed to develop student’s knowledge in assessment and management of pediatric ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, retinal diseases, ocular trauma and ocular inflammations (Uveitis)

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to

·         To understand visual assessment and vision screening in children

·         To know different ocular diseases in children

·          To explain different types of uveitis and their management.

·         To identify different types retinal and retinal vascular disease

·         To know different types of macular diseases.

·         To identify various hereditary retinal dystrophies

·         To manage ocular injuries like FB in ocular surface, chemical thermal injuries, and first aid management of  perforation of globe ( Open and closed)

·         To understand neurophthalmology diseases

·         To understand the course of different cranial nerves and their lesions

·         To identify pupillary and optic nerve diseases. Systemic diseases related

·         To know different types of ocular myopathies, nystagmus, and  disorders of ocular motility

Course Contents

Unit I: Pediatric Ophthalmology                                                                             11 hours

·         Vision assessment and vision screening in children

·         Epidemiology of childhood blindness

·         Neonatal conjunctivitis

·         Refractive errors and spectacle correction in children

·         Amblyopia,

·         Strabismus

·         Pediatric cataracts and its management

·         Nystagmus

·         Ocular torticollis

·         Leucokoria

·         Retinopathy of prematurity

·         Retinoblastoma

·         Coats disease

Unit II: Neurophthalmology                                                                                    10 hours

·         Anatomy of   optic nerve and visual pathway

·         Course, distribution, functions and disorders of third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh cranial nerve.

·         Anatomy of  Pupillary   pathway and disorders  of pupil in neurophthalmology

·         Optic nerve disorders ( Optic neuritis, papilledema and intracranial tumors, ischemic optic neuropathy, diabetic papillopathy, different types of optic neuropathy, congenital optic nerve anomalies)

·         Ocular myopathies (Myasthenia Gravis, myotonic dystrophy, CPEO)

·         Investigations in Neuro-ophthalmology- colour vision test, Visual field tests, Diplopia Charting, Hess Charting, Neuro-imaging, ERG ,  VEP, etc

Unit III: Uveitis                                                                                                         7 hour

·         Definition, classification and etiology of uveitis

·         Anterior uveitis (signs, symptoms, DD and management)

·         Intermediate and posterior uveitis

·         Endophthalmitis

·         Scleritis  

·         Episcleritis

·         Uveitis related systemic diseases

Unit IV: Retina                                                                                                        15 hours

·         Retinal vascular diseases (Venous arterial occlusive diseases)

·         Diabetic retinopathy

·         Hypertensive retinopathy

·         Retinopathy of prematurity

·         Eales disease, retinopathy in blood disorders, congenital vascular anomalies

·         Acquired macular disorder (ARMD, CSR, CME, degenerative myopia, macular hole)

·         Hereditary fundus dystrophies   (Retinitis pigmentosa, cone rod dystrophy, leber’s congenital amaurosis, stagards disease, fundus flavimaculatus, alperts syndrome, congenital stationary night blindness, congenital monochromatism)

·         Drug induced retinopathy

·         Macular dystrophies (Best macular dystrophy

·         Albinism

·         Retinal detachment and management

·         Vitreous opacities.

Unit V: Ocular Injuries                                                                                            5 hours

·         FB in ocular surface          

·         Chemical injuries

·         Thermal injuries

·         Open and closed globe injuries)

·         Ocular emergencies

·         Basic  first aid

References

1.      Gregg T. Lueder, Pediatric Practice Ophthalmology, McGraw-Hill Education / Medical; 1^st edition

2.      Stephen J. Ryan, Retina, Saunders;5th edition

3.      Robert B. Nussenblatt, Uveitis Fundamentals and Clinical Practice, Mosby; 4^th edition

4.      Lennox A. Webb, Manual of Eye Emergencies: Diagnosis and Management, Butterworth-Heinemann; 2^nd edition

5.      Michael C. Brodsky, Pediatric Neuro Ophthalmology, Springer; 3rd edition

6.      Ulrich Schiefer, Schiefer Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology-A Practical Guide, Springer; 2007 edition

OPT 504 Research Methodology

M.Optom, First Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course is designed to introduce the concept of scientific Research and its methods for conducting scientific datacollection, data management and, results interpretation and preparethe research proposal, report and manuscript writing.

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

·         Describe the concept of research and its methodology in eye health.

·         Search the relevant scientific literature and select the relevant information

·         Describe the different research methods applicable to eye health

·         Describe the different steps of the research process

·         Identify and prioritize research areas

·         Apply the different data collection techniques and tools for clinical and field research

·         Manage collected data, analyze data with appropriate statistical techniques using statistical software  and interpret the statistical outputs

·         Know the health research ethics and apply the health ethics in conducting eye health research

·         Develop a research proposal 

·         Write a research report and scientific manuscript

Course Contents

Unit I: Overview theEye Health Research                                                              3 hours

·         Review the concept  andcharacteristicsof health research

·         Importance and application of scientific research in eye health

·         Attributes of scientific research

Unit II: Reviewing Literature                                                                                  3 hours

·         Concept and importance of reviewing the literature, sources of literature, scrutinizing the literature           

·         Literature Review process: Note making, documentation of literature, Referencing and Bibliography techniques

·         Critical review and summarization of literature

·         Research questions and its criteria

·         Formulation of research objectives.

·         Concept, types and importance of research hypothesis

Unit III: Problem identification formulation ofresearch objectives and hypothesis

                                                                                                                                    4 hours

·         Identification, prioritization and statement of problems

·         Meaning and types of research objectives

·         Definition, purpose and types of research hypothesis 

·         Variables [independent and dependent] 

·         Operational definition

Unit IV: Classification of research methods designs                                              6 hours

·         Difference between research methods and research designs

·         Various types of researches

o   Basic/pure and applied researches

o   Survey (quantitative) and qualitative researches

o   Descriptive and analytical

o   Action, evaluative, operational and system researches

·         Various types of research designs

o   Case study, case series, cross-sectional, ecological

o   Case control and cohort

o   Interventional Research (Pre-Experimental, Quasi-Experimental and True Experimental -RCT/clinical trial)

o   Basic Concepts on Clinical Trials: Cross over, parallel design, community trials and blinding

o   Time Series Design

·         Types of qualitative research: 

o   Phenomenological research

o   Grounded theory

o   Ethnographic research , institutional ethnography

o   Historical research

o   Life history research

·         Rapid Appraisal Technique: Rapid Rural Appraisal, Participatory Rural Appraisal, RAAB, TRA.

Unit V: Data collection techniques and tools                                                          5 hours

·         Quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques and tools:

o   Techniques: using available information, interview, observation, self-administered questionnaire, FGD, KII,

o   Tools: Interview schedule, questionnaires, guidelines, checklists

·         Questionnaire Preparation – Open Ended, Closed Ended, Structured/Semi Structured/Unstructured Questionnaire

·         Data from Office/Institution Records, Journals, Annual Reports, Bulletins, Mid-line, Pop-line, Internets

·         Instruments and its validation, pre testing, reworking with instruments

·         Validity and reliability

Unit VI: Data Management and Analysis                                                               3 hours

·         Data management techniques

·         Data processing

o   Quantitative approach: Coding and decoding, editing and feeding, Data cleaning, preparation of master tables\Dummy table 

o   Qualitative approach: Sorting, Narrative, triangulation, Content analysis, meta analysis

·         Selection of statistical techniques, Ways of analysis data: Descriptive and inferential-means, standard deviation, probability, and normal distribution, parametric, and non- parametric, Inference, and correlation and regression analysis

·         Presentation of data, conclusion, summary and recommendations

Unit VII: Research ethics                                                                                         2 hours

·         Basic Concepts on Research Ethics, and its Principles

·         Different declaration of ethics in health research.

·         Milestones of Research Ethics in Nepal, and National Ethical Guidelines of Health Research

Unit VIII: Development of research proposal                                                        3 hours

·         Components in research proposals

o   Preliminaries (Title, Approval Sheet, Table of Contents, Formatting, Paging Instruction),

o   Body of the proposal – (Introduction, Objectives/Research questions/ Hypothesis Literature Review, Methodology, Conclusions)

o   References

o   Annex: Tools, informed consent, work plan, budget

Unit IX: Development of research report and manuscript                                   3 hours

·         Concept, Meaning, objective, importance of report

·         Components in research report

o   Preliminaries (Title, Approval Sheet, Executive summary/abstract, Acknowledgements, Table of Contents and Figures, Formatting, Paging Instruction),

o   Body of the Report – (Introduction, Objectives/Research questions, Literature Review, Methodology, Results/Findings, Discussion, Conclusions, Recommendations)

o   References

o   Annex: Tools, informed consent, work plan, budget

·         Difference between research report and research manuscript

·         Guidelines of Manuscript preparation and its elements

References

1.      Mahajan BK.: Methods in Bio-statistics, Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers P. Ltd., G-16, EMCA House, 23/23B, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Post Box: 7193, New Delhi 110 002, India, 1991

2.      CR Kothari,Research Methodology  - Methods and Techniques, 2^nd Edition (1992).

3.      Health Research methodology, WHO

4.      Fisher, A Laring , J and Stokle, J.   “Hand book for family planning Operations Research Design" Population Council, 1991.

5.      Kothari CK ,Research Methodology, Willey Eastern Limited. Fourth reprint 1989.

OPT 505 Biostatistics

M.Optom, First Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course is designed to introduce the concept of Bio-statistics and its use in eye health. In this course, students will learn different study design, sample, sampling process, hypothesis testing using different statistical tests, correlation and casual analysis.

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

·         Describe the concept and use of Bio-statistics in eye health.

·         Identify, analyze and write the statement of Eye health research problems

·         Describe and use of different study designs in eye health.

·         Define variables, its indicators and scale of measurements.

·         Define census, survey, sample frame and sample population and understand the sample size determination and applying different sampling procedures.

·         Explain and apply the data collection techniques and tools, field works and data management.

·         Apply different appropriate statistical tools/tests for data analysis and interpretation of results.

·         Understand correlation and casual effect of the variables.

Course Contents

Unit I: Introduction to basic Biostatistics                                                                2 hours

·         Review the concept of Bio-statistics and its use in eye health.

·         Review of types and sources of data, data collection methods, difference between data and information.

·          Review frequency measurement: Count, Rate, Ratio and Proportion

·         Review and use of mean (Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic), median, mode, quartiles, IQR, percentiles, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Skewness: Definition, types: Symmetrical, positive and negative, Kurtosis: Definition, types: mesokurtic, leptokurtic and platykurtic

Unit II: Probability Theory                                                                                      3 hours

·         Concept of probability, Random variables - discrete and continuous

·         Basic terminology in probability (Trial and event, sample space, exhaustive cases, equally likely events, mutually exclusive events, independent event)

·         Laws of Probability, Conditional Probability, Bayes's Theorem

·         Probability distribution and its characteristics of Normal, Binomial and Poisson distributionand its use in eye health.

Unit III:Sample and sampling procedures                                                  4 hours

·         Concept of census and sample survey, sampling error and non-sampling error

·         Probability sampling: SRS, stratified, systematic cluster, PPS, multistage)

·         non probability sampling: convenience, purposive, quota, snowball.

·         Sample size determination criteria, sample size calculation (one sample mean and prevalence) and brief concept on case control and cohort study.

·         Measurement & Scale (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio).

Unit IV: Estimation and Hypothesis testing                                                            9 hours

·         Significance tests and confidence intervals.

·         Point and interval estimation, Standard error of the mean and the central limit theorem

·         Concept and formulation of a statistical hypothesis, steps of hypothesis testing.

·         Types of errors (type I and II), p- value concept and decision.

·         Concept of Parametric and non-parametric tests.

·         Parametric tests (one sample t test, two independent t test, paired t test, one and two way ANOVA: Concept and Assumptions.

·         Non parametric tests (Chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact test, Run test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon Matched Pair Sign Rank test, KruskalWalis H test.

Unit V: [Correlation Analysis]                                                                                 3 hours

·         Concept of correlation and regression

·         Properties of correlation coefficient and its use,

·         Simple, partial and multiple correlation.

·         Testing the Significance of the Correlation Coefficient

·         measurement of correlation (scatter diagram, Karl Pearson, Spearman rank, Kendal Tau)

Unit VI: [Simple Linear Regression]                                                                       2 hours

·         Assumptions of Simple linear regression

·         Assessing linear relationships between two continuous variables.

·         Interpreting the output from a linear regression equation

·         Residual analysis.

Unit VII: [Multiple Linear Regression]                                                       3 hours

·         Concept and assumption of multiple linear regressions.

·         Multiple linear regression models, Adjusted R square, Multicolinearity.

Unit VIII: Logistic Regression                                                                                 3 hours

·         Binomial: Concept, assumptions, model and its use in eye health

o   Odds ratio, Relative risk calculation and its interpretation.

o   Sensitivity, Specificity, NPV, PPV calculation.

o   ROC curve.

·         Multinomial: Concept, assumptions, model and its use in eye health

Unit IX: Some Other Statistical Models                                                      3 hours

·         Analysis of covariance: Concept, assumption and its use in eye health.

·         Survival analysis: Concept, assumption and its use in eye health, Kaplan-Meier curves, Survival function and Hazard function, log rank test.

References

1.      Mahajan BK.: Methods in Bio-statistics, Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers P. Ltd., G-16, EMCA House, 23/23B, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Post Box: 7193, New Delhi 110 002, India, 1991

2.      Yogesh Man Shrestha, Umesh Raj Aryal, Biostatistics for Medical Sciences: Second Edition, Makalu Publication, 2014

3.      Prem R Pant: Social science research and thesis writing; Buddha publication,6^th edition

4.      Betty R Kirkwood and Jonathan A.C. Sterne,Essential Medical statistics,Second Edition, Blackwell publishing.

5.      Statistical Methods,Asmita Publication.

6.      SC Gupta, Fundamental of Statistics, Himalaya publishing house.

7.      Hill AB, Principles of Medical Statistics, Bl Publications, New Delhi.

8.      CR Kothari, Research Methodology - Methods and Techniques, 2^nd Edition (1992).

9.      Donald S Tull Del Hawkins, Marketing Research – Measurement and methods,Prentice Hall India.

OPT 506,Ocular Pharmacology

M.Optom, First Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course is designed to impart knowledge on the area of Ocular Pharmacology

Course Outcomes

Upon completion of the course, student shall be able to:

·         A strong knowledge base in pharmacology and therapeutics that will benefit for future optometry practice,

·         Understand the ophthalmic dosage forms and its application,

·         Understand the principles of clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in special circumstances

·         Understand the adverse drug reaction related to ophthalmology and its preventive measures

·         Understand the various drugs used in ophthalmic diseases.

·         Understand the specific action, contraindication, precaution, adverse effect and the use of drugs with special reference to eye and

·         Understand the various sterilization technique and antiseptic medicines

Course Contents

Unit I: Introduction About Route of Drug Administration, Ophthalmic Dosage Forms, its Application and Dose Calculation                                                       3 hours

Unit II: Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics                                2 hours

·         Application of principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in special circumstances in pharmacology: children, geriatrics, pregnancy, lactation, renal disease and hepatic disease.

·         Use pharmacokinetic concepts to determine rational drug dosing regimen.

·         Adverse drug reaction with example related to ophthalmic effects and its preventive measure

Unit III: Autonomic Drugs                                                                                       4 hours

·         Adrenergic drugs

·         Antiadrenergic drugs

·         Cholinergic drugs

·         Anticholinergic drugs

Unit IV: Antimicrobial and Chemotherapeutic Agents Used in Ophthalmology9 hours

·         Anti-infective drugs

o   Chloramphenicol

o   Ciprofloxacin

o   Framycetin

o   Gentamycin

o   Neomycin

o   Ofloxacin

o   Polymicin B

o   Sulphacetamide

o   Tetracycline

o   Azithromycin

o   Erythromycin

o   Gentamicin

·         Fungal infections of the eye

o   Natamycin

·         Viral infection of the eye

o   Acyclovir

o   Gancyclovir

·         Chemotherapeutic and Immunosuppressive drugs

o   Mitomycin

o   Fluorouracil

o   Methotrexate

o   Cytarabine

o   Chlorambucil

o   Dacarbazine

o   Azathioprine

o   Ciclosporin

o   Interferon Beta

o   Bevacizamab

Unit V: Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory agent – steroid and non-steroidal agents                                                                                                                             4 hours

·         Steroid

o   Betamethasone

o   Dexamethasone

o   Hydrocortisone

o   Prednisolone

·         Non-steroid

o   Diclofenac

o   Flurbiprofen

o   Ketorolac

o   Medrysone

·         Others

o   Sodium cromoglycate

o   Ketotifen

o   Anti-histamine / Anti-allergic drugs

Unit VI: Local Anesthetics and General Anaesthetics Agents                              2hours

·         Local Anaesthetics

o   Lidocaine (Lignocaine)

o   Tetracaine

o   Procaine

·         General Anaesthetics

o   Nitrous oxide

o   Halothane

o   Ketamine

o   Propofol

Unit VII: Miotics and antiglaucoma drugs                                                             2hours

·         Adenergic agonist

·         Beta blockers

·         Alpha agonist

·         Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

·         Miotics

·         Prostaglandin analogs

Unit VIII: Mydriatics and Cycloplegics                                                                  2 hours

·         Atropine

·         Cyclopentolate

·         Homatropine

·         Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

·         Phenylephrine

·         Hyoscine(Scopolamine)

·         Tropicamide

Unit IX: Components of Lubricating agents/ Tear Substitutes and Dyes           2 hours

·         Carboxymethylcellulose

·         Hypromellose

·         Hydroxypropyl cellulose

·         Polyvinyl alcohol

·         Sodium chloride

·         Zinc sulphate

·         Fluorescein sodium

·         Rose Bengal

·         Alissamin Green

·         ICG

Unit X: Introduction about the Sterilization Techniques and its Application     2hours

·         Physical Method

·         Chemical Method

·         Antiseptics Drugs

o   Povidine Iodide

References

1.      KD Tripathi, Essentials of Medical Pharmacology,Jaypee Medicals;7^th edition 

2.      Jimmy D. Bartlett, Clinical Ocular Pharmacology, Butterworth-Heinemann;5^th edition  

3.      Thomas Yorio, Ocular Therapeutics, Academic Press;1^st edition

4.      Frederick T. Fraunfelder, Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects: Clinical Ocular Toxicology, Saunders; 7^th edition

OPT 541 Posting I

M.Optom, First Semester, First Year

Description

Each student will have to attend clinical posting 5 hrs/day for the assigned duration.

This course is designed to develop the student skill in assessment and management of glaucoma, Retinal disorders, Pediatric ocular disorders, Uveal disorders and Extra Ocular Diseases.

Outcomes

After the end of this posting, students should be able to:

·         Examine, diagnose and rehabilitate the patient of Glaucoma.

·         Examine, diagnose and rehabilitate the patient with Retinal disorders.

·         Examine, diagnose and rehabilitate Pediatric ocular disorders.

·         Examine, diagnose and rehabilitate the patient of Uveitis

·         Examine, diagnose and rehabilitate the patient with Extra Ocular Diseases.

·          

Evaluation Scheme:

Attendance	Assignments	Clinical performance + log book evaluation	Class Test	Viva	Case Discussion
5	15	10+10	20	20	20

Second Semester

OPT551, Advance Contact Lenses

M.Optom, Second Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course Advance Contact Lenses is designed to provide students with knowledge in contact lens designs, fittings, dispensing, care and maintenance and complication management. Contact lenses are an essential part of optometric practice; not only for practice success, but also in the management of certain ocular conditions that require visual or therapeutic rehabilitation. This course introduces all aspects of contact lens practice to the optometry students.

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

·         Understand the corneal oxygen requirements and knowledge of contact lens design and recommend the best suitable contact lens for a particular condition

·         Evaluate and dispense contact lens fitting for all regular and irregular corneas including Keratoconus

·         Evaluate and dispense with reverse geometry contact lenses

·         Evaluate and dispense with presbyopic contact lenses

·         Diagnose and manage ocular complications with contact lenses

Course Contents

Unit I: Introduction to Contact lenses                                                                     8 hours

·         Anatomy and Physiology of the Cornea and related Structures

·         History of contact lenses

·         Contact Lens Materials  and contact lens manufacturing

·         Optics and Lens Design

·         Microbiology related to contact lens wear

·         Clinical Instrumentation in contact lens practice

·         Contact lens dispensing and verification                   

Unit II: Basic Contact lens fitting                                                                            8 hours

·         Soft contact lens fitting

·         Toric soft Contact lens fitting

·         Rigid Gas Permeable corneal lens fitting                   

Unit III: Examination procedures for Contact lens clients                                   4 hours

·         Routine examination

·         Options for wear modality and lens replacement

·         Lens dispensing and patient education

·         Conducting the aftercare visits

·         Slit lamp examination of contact lens patients

Unit IV: Care and maintenance                                                                              6 hours

·         Overview of care and maintenance

·         Contact lens care products

·         Care and maintenance of SCL

·         Care and maintenance of RGP

·         Contact lens deposits

Unit V: Special contact lenses and fitting                                                                26 hours

·         Special types of Contact lenses (regular and irregular cornea)– diagnosis, surgery, protective, therapeutic, sports, partially sighted

·         Cosmetic lenses

·         An ability to fit a range of contact lenses to correct presbyopia

·         An understanding of myopia control and Orthokeratology

·         Contact lenses for sports activities

·         Working environment and contact lenses      

Unit VI: Contact lens Complications and management                                        10hours

·         Patient symptoms and clinical signs

·         Soft contact lens complications and management

·         RGP contact lens complications and management

·         Diagnosis and Management of Dry eye in contact lens wear

Unit VII: Recent advances and medico-legal issues                                               2 hours

·         An ability to produce a comprehensive contact lens record

·         An ability to communicate effectively with contact lens patients, fellow a detailed knowledge of current legislation and guidelines in contact lens practice

·         Legal issues and contact lenses

·         Recent advancements                                                            

References

1.      IACLE Modules

2.      Anthony J. Phillips, Contact Lenses, Elsevier; 6^thedition

3.      Nathan Efron, Contact Lens Complications, Elsevier;4^thedition

4.      Edward S. Bennett, Clinical Manual of Contact Lenses, LWW; 4^thedition

5.      Milton M. Hom,Manual of Contact Lens Prescribing and Fitting,Butterworth-Heinemann; 3^th edition

6.      Melissa Barnett, Contemporary Scleral Lenses: Theory and Application, Bentham Science Publishers; 2017

7.      Edward S. Bennett, Manual of Gas Permeable Contact Lens, Butterworth-Heinemann; 2^ndedition

OPT552, Refractive Surgery, Eye banking and Ocular Prosthesis

M.Optom, Second Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course consists of three sections namely refractive surgery, eye banking and ocular prosthesis.

Refractive surgery: Under this paper students will acquire knowledge on surgical management options available for refractive correction. Students will develop a clear concept on case evaluation, planning, counseling; post-operative care and management of the patient willing to undertake refractive surgery as an option for refractive error correction.

Eye Banking: Explore the basic knowledge and practice of eye banking at a glance that student will be able to understand the nature of eye banking, it’s process, operation, donor screening criteria, recovery process, tissue processing and distribution system by which they will be able to educate and aware eye health personnel and public for eye banking in Nepal and its beyond for eliminating corneal blindness and can contribute their effort in promotion of corneal donation and corneal transplantation.

Ocular Prosthesis: This paper is designed to empower the students to approach patients from the aesthetic aspect of patient care. Student will realize the psychological aspect and behavior of the patients with disfigure eye and surrounding structure and thus utilize the knowledge in cosmetic rehabilitation.

Course Outcomes

On completion of this course students should be able to

·         Provide patients with up-to-date advice concerning refractive surgery techniques

·         Describe different surgical options available for management of refractive error

·         State the clinical evaluations to be undertaken for refractive surgery patients

·         Analyze and correlate the test findings done for refractive surgery patient

·         Understand the possible complications of refractive surgery and their management

·         Appreciate the most appropriate management strategy for a given refractive surgery patient, communicating effectively with the patient and their surgeon

·         Interpret and critically review research pertaining to refractive surgery

·         Understand the nature of eye banking

·         Determine the process of eye banking at a glace

·         State contraindication of donors and screening criteria

·         Familiarize an operation of eye banking

·         Explain tissue recovery procedure and type of tissue preservative media

·         Tissue processing and evaluation at eye bank laboratory

·         Understand eye bank tissue distribution system

·         Understand procedure involved in tissue preservation, transport and storage

·         Equip with the basics of Prosthesis and the various conditions where they are applied

·         State the indication of ocular prosthesis

·         Discuss the fabrication of different ocular prosthesis

·         Understand the possible complications and its management

Course Contents

Section I: Refractive Surgery                                                                             10 hours

Unit I: Background of refractive surgery

·         Introduction to refractive surgery

·         History of refractive surgery: Keratomileusis, Radial Keratotomy(RK), Arcuate Keratotomy(AK), Limbal relaxing incision, Radial keratocoagulation, laser thermal keratoplasty, Photorefractive Keratectomy(PRK)

UnitII: Theory involved in surgical management of refractive error and presbyopia.

·         Theory of corneal refractive procedures: Excimer laser, Femto second laser, Microkeratoms

·         Theory of lens based procedures: Clear lens exchange and Phakic IOL

Unit III: Types of refractive surgery

·         RK

·         PRK

·         LASIK

·         SmILE

·         Phakic IOL

·         Stromal Ring

·         Refractive/Clear Lens Exchange

UnitIII: Patient examination for refractive surgery

·         History

·         Refractive error evaluation

·         Corneal topography

·         Corneal tomography

·         Axial length evaluation

·         Pachymetry,

·         Ocular aberrometry

·         Contrast sensitivity testing

·         Glare test

·         Specular microscopy,

·         General ocular examination

·         Anterior chamber evaluation

Unit IV: Patient selection for refractive surgery

Unit V:Surgical procedure myopia, hyperopia astigmatism and presbyopia

Unit VI: Complication of the surgery

·         Microkeratome related complications

·         Laser ablation related complications

·         Postoperative complications

·         managements

Unit VI: Enhancement

Section II: Eye banking                                                                                          14 hours

Unit I: History, nature and ethics of eye banking

Unit II: Eye banking process

·         Death Notification

·         Screening

·         Approaching

·         Consent

·         Retrieving tissue

·         Suitability of tissue

·         Utilization of tissue

Unit II: Screening of donor

·         contraindications of donors

·         Review of donor information, physical and ocular examination

·         Consent for eye donation

·         Serology testing/plasma dilution

UnitIII: Recovery, processing and preservation

·         In-situ corneal excision

·         Enucleation

·         Laboratory corneal scleral rim excision

·         Scleral preservation

·         DSAEK pre-cut tissue preparation

Unit IV: Tissue Evaluation

·         Slit lamp Evaluation

·         Specular Microscopy Evaluation

·         Tissue storage

·         Short term

·         Mid term

·         Long term

Unit IV: Familiarize an operation of eye banking

·         Obtain tissue and process tissue

·         Offer and request tissue

·         Distribution system as urgent/emergency, semi urgent/routine

·         Sustain eye bank itself with coordination of corneal surgeon community

·         Follow sop for international quality standard and association and affiliation

·         Recording, reporting and their retention/confidentiality

Section III: Ocular Prosthesis                                                                            8 hours

·         Introduction and history

·         Basics on Prosthesis

·         Types of Implants

·         Indication

·         Orbital implants

·         Maxillofacial prosthetics

·         Fabrication and care of ocular prosthesis

·         Complication

·         Advancements and results

References

1.      Thomas Kohen, Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Springer;1^stedition

2.      Jorge L. Alió y Sanz, Management of Complications in Refractive Surgery, Springer; 2008 edition

3.      Jorge L. Alió, Difficult and Complicated Cases in Refractive Surgery,Springer; 2015 edition

4.      T. Bredehorn-Mayr, Eye banking, S. Karger; 1^stedition

5.      Keith R. Pine, Clinical Ocular Prosthetics, Springer; 1^stedition

OPT553, Neuro-Optometry

M.Optom, Second Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course is designed to empower knowledge in students regarding neuro-visual disorders. By the end of the course, students will be able to describe and examine cases of neuro-visual disorders. Students will develop a clear concept on management and care of case with Neuro-visual disorders, autism spectrum disorder and learning disabilities. Students will develop knowledge on examination and management of these cases and problems.

Course Outcome

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

·         Explain anatomical Aspects of Neuro-Visual system.

·         Describe spatial vision, Temporal vision, localization, visual memory.

·         Describe Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) and its forms.

·         Identify Visual Problems in People with Brain injury.

·         Identify Visual and cognitive Problems in people with neuro-degenerative Disease.

·         Describe examination and management of cases with Spatial vision Dysfunction.

·         Describe examination and management of cases with Non-traumatic Visual impairment.

·         Describe examination and management of Cases with Traumatic Brain injury.

·         Describe examination and management of cases with neuro-degenerative disorders.

·         Describe Vision Related Learning Difficulties, Evaluation and management

·         Describe Visual problems in autism spectrum Disease and learning difficulties/disabilities.

·         Describe examination and management of cases with Autism vision disorders and Reading disabilities. 

Course Content

Unit I: Neural Substrates of vision                                                                          10hours

·         Review of General anatomy of Nervous system.

·         Primary Visual system

·         Secondary Visual system

·         Functional organization of visual system.

·         Functional components of visual system involved in reception and attention of visual stimuli.

·         Visual association areas in higher visual processing.

·         Dorsal and Ventral streams of visual processing

·         Mirror neurons.

·         Classification of Visual deficits due to problems in functional components of visual system and higher visual processing

Unit II: Spatial vision, Localization and Visual memory                                       7 hours

·         Introduction to spatial vision.

·         Pathways involved in processing of stationary and moving spatial target.

·         Visual guidance and Eye hand Co-ordination.

·         Visual-spatial dysfunction

·         Egocentric and oculocentric localization.

·         Neural substrates in localization.

·         Visual problems due to abnormal localization.

·         Introduction to visual and non-visual memory.

·         Loss of Visual and non-visual memory

·         Spatial vision memory loss

·         Examination of a patient with visual and non-visual memory loss.

Unit III: Vestibular System dysfunction                                                                 3 hours

·         Anatomy of vestibular system.

·         Role of vestibular, Somatosensory and visual system.

·         Vestibular and visual oculo-motor system.

·         Visual problems in vestibular system dysfunction:

·         Examination of vestibular Dysfunction

Unit IV: Cerebral Visual Impairment(CVI)and Traumatic Brain injury (TBI)

8 hours

·         Non-traumatic Congenital Cerebral Visual impairment

·         Non-traumatic Acquired Cerebral visual impairment(Stroke, Hemorrhage, Anoxia/hypoxia, Infection, Raised ICP, Toxic exposure, Brain tumors)

·         Examination of cases with non-traumatic CVI.

·         Introduction to traumatic brain injury.

·         Glasgow coma scale and OSU TBI-ID for grading of severity of TBI.

·         Visual deficits in traumatic brain injury.

·         Traumatic Brain Injury Vision symptom survey.

·         Examination of cases with traumatic brain injury.

Unit V: Visual Problems in Neuro-Degenerative Diseases                                    5hours

·         Introduction to neurodegenerative Diseases

·         Multiple Sclerosis

·         Alzheimer’s Disease

·         Parkinsonism

·         Dementia with Lewy Bodies

·         Schizophrenia

Unit VI: Neuro-optometric Rehabilitative therapy                                                8 hours

·         Enhancing the stability of visual input system

·         Enhancing Binocular Control alignment and sustenance

·         Developing Speed of Visual information Processing (Stability of Output)

·         Intervention for Visual Perceptual processing disorders

·         Stability of Vestibular Ocular Reflex        

Unit VII: Rehabilitation Approach inCVI and neurodegenerative Disease        5hours

·         Spatial vision dysfunction and localization

·         Non-traumatic case of Cerebral Visual impairment

·         Traumatic Case of Cerebral Visual impairment

·         Neuro-degenerative disease

Unit VIII: Vision Related Learning Difficulties                                                     4hours

·         Convergence insufficiency and learning difficulties

·         Eye tracking problems and learning difficulties

·         Learning problems in Double Vision

Unit IX: Learning disabilities                                                                                   6 hours

·         Learning disabilities in Autism spectrum disorder

·         Developmental Delays

·         Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder

·         Visual processing disorder

·         Non-Verbal Learning Disorder

·         Sensory integration Disorder

·         Dyslexia

Unit X: Examination and Management of cases with learning problems            8 hours

·         Learning difficulty

·         Learning Disabilities

·         Autism Spectrum Disorders

References

1.      Todd Vanderah, Nolte's Essentials of the Human Brain, Elsevier; 2^nd edition

2.      Amy Chang, Neurovision Rehabilitation Guide, CRC Press;1^st edition

3.      Penelope S. Suter, Vision Rehabilitation: Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient Following Brain Injury, Routledge; 1^st edition

4.      Mitchell Scheiman, Optometric Management of Learning Related Vision Problems, Mosby; 2^nd edition

5.      Amanda Hall Lueck, Vision and the Brain: Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children Press;2015

6.      Christine Roman-Lantzy, Cortical Visual Impairment: An Approach to Assessment and Intervention, AFB Press; 2^nd edition

7.      Dr. Marc B. Taub, Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with SpecialNeeds,LWW;2012

8.      Steven J luck, Visual Memory (Oxford Series in Visual Cognition), OUP USA

OPT554, Visual Rehabilitation in Visual Impairment

M.Optom, Second Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course is designed to student’s knowledge and skills in providing visual rehabilitation services to patients with visual impairment

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to

·         Describe visual impairment and  ICD Classification

·         Correlate eye diseases and visual function loss

·         Prescribe optical and non optical devices and techniques to patients with visual impairment

·         Explain how to use optical and non optical devices 

·         State  social/financial benefits provided by government authorities

·         Co-ordinate with  family/community participation for rehabilitation 

·         Discuss, plan  and manage follow up and referral

Course Contents                                                                                                        32 hours

Unit I: Definition and Assessment                                                                           14 hours

·         Definition of Visual impairment and ICD Classification.

·         History taking and assessment of psychosocial condition in Visual impairment.

·         Visual disorders and loss of visual function related to Visual impairment.

o   Overall blur

o   Central field defect

o   Peripheral field defect

·         Evaluation of visual functions in a case with Visual impairment

o   Visual Acuity

o   Refraction

o   Visual Field

o   Contrast Sensitivity

o   Color Vision

o   Binocular Vision

o   Magnification Calculation 

·         Assessing the visual need in visually impaired.

Unit II: Management of Visual Impairment                                                           12 hours

·         Optics and uses of optical/electronic Devices.

o   Spectacle, hand held, stand magnifier

o   Telescope

o   Telemicroscope

o   Computer technology in Visual Rehabilitation.

o   Training on use of devices

·         Use of Non-optical Devices and techniques.

o   Relative size magnification

o   Glare and contrast control

o   Posture and comfort maintenance device

o   Handwriting and written communication device

o   Orientation and Mobility Techniques

o   Sensory substitution devices

o   Medical management devices

·         Use of adaptation techniques

o   Eccentric Viewing techniques

o   Scanning techniques

·         Self-management tools and techniques.

·         Current biotechnological Advances (Bionic eyes and Stem cell research)

Unit III: Pediatric Visual Impairment                                                                          3 hours

·         Special needs for assessment of pediatric cases

·         Educational support and resources

Unit IV: Counseling, Follow up, Referral and Benefits                            3 hours

·         Counseling

·         Coordination with stakeholder i.e.family/community and resource teachers

·         Certification for Visual impairment and use of benefits.

Unit V: Management of eye disorders affecting visual function                16 hrs

·         Corneal opacity,

·         Glaucoma (advanced POAG)

·         Retinal degenerations (ARMD, Diabetic retinopathy, RP)

·         Albinism

·         Cone dystrophy

References

1.      Richard L. Brilliant, Essentials of Low Vision Practice,Butterworth-Heinemann;1^stedition

2.      The Lighthouse Clinician’s Guide to Low Vision Practice

3.      Mitchell Scheiman, Low Vision Rehabilitation: A Practical Guide for Occupational Therapists, Slack Incorporated; 2^nd edition

4.      Anne L. Corn, Foundations of Low Vision: Clinical and Functional Perspectives, Amer Foundation for the Blind; 2^ndedition

5.      Gordon E. Legge, Psychophysics of Reading in Normal and Low Vision,CRC Press;1^stedition

6.      Roberto Manduchi,Assistive Technology for Blindness and Low Vision, CRC Press; 1 edition

7.      Christine Dickinson, Low Vision: Principles and Practice, Butterworth-Heinemann; 4^thedition

                                                                                   

OPT555, Applied Optics and Ophthalmic Dispensing

M.Optom, Second Semester, First Year

Course Description

This course APPLIED OPTICS deals with optical management of refractive error- advance techniques and modalities in spectacle dispensing. This module allows students to recommend the right spectacle frame and lens based on the conditions of the eye.

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to

·         Know the different types of ophthalmic lens materials and their properties

·         Know the different types of ophthalmic lens types (single vision, bifocals, multifocals, PALs)

·         Know the different types of frame materials and their types

·         Measure different ocular parameters and fitting parameters for dispensing

·         Verify lenses

·         Make them able to prescribe and dispense spectacles for vocational use

·         Troubleshoot or manage the complaints of the costumers

·         Explore recent advances in optical dispensing

Course Contents

Unit I: Ophthalmic Lens types and designs                                                            4 hours

·         Lens materials and properties of lens

·         Prisms

·         Tints and coatings

·         Different market availabilities                                               

Unit II: Bifocals/Multifocals                                                                                     6 hours

·         Introduction, different types

·         Fitting and dispensing of Bifocals and multifocals

·         Bifocal and Multifocal trouble shooting

·         Different market availabilities                       

Unit III: Progressive Addition Lenses                                                                     6 hours

·         Introduction, different types

·         Fitting and dispensing of PALs

·         PAL trouble shooting

·         Different market availabilities

Unit IV: Spectacle Frames                                                                                       6 hours

·         Materials and types

·         Frame choices

·         Classification of spectacle frames

·         Special Purpose frames (Sports, kids, ptosis, disfigured facial structures, reading)

Unit V: Spectacle dispensing                                                                                    8 hours

·         Frame measurements and markings

·         Facial measurements  and markings

·         Measuring IPD, pupillometer

·         Frame manipulation and repair (Troubleshooting)

Unit VI: Lens ordering and verification                                                                 4 hours

·         Lens materials and types and selection

·         Specific measurements of lens (Minimum blank size/centration)

Unit VII: Trouble shooting and management in spectacle dispensing                 3 hours

Unit VIII: Special Ophthalmic Dispensing                                                             8 hours

·         Pediatric ophthalmic Dispensing

·         Ophthalmic dispensing in sports

·         Aspheric spectacle dispensing

·         Aphakic spectacle dispensing

·         Geriatric spectacle dispensing

Unit IX: Recent advances, Business aspects and medico-legal issues                   3 hours

·         Ability to produce a comprehensive record

·         Ability to communicate effectively with patients

·         Follow detailed knowledge of current legislation and guidelines in dispensing practice

·         Legal issues in dispensing

·         Recent advancements                                                            

References

1.      Clifford W. Brooks, System for Ophthalmic Dispensing, Butterworth-Heinemann; 3^thedition

2.      Mo Jalie, Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing, Butterworth-Heinemann; 3^rdedition

3.      Troy Fannin, Clinical Optics, Butterworth-Heinemann;2^ndedition

4.      Benjamin Milder, The Fine Art of Prescribing Glasses Without Making a Spectacle of Yourself, Triad Publishing Company; 3^rd edition

5.      Clifford W. Brooks,Essentials of Ophthalmic Lens Finishing, Butterworth-Heinemann; 2^ndedition

OPT 591, Posting II

M.Optom, Second Semester, First Year

Description

Each student will have to attend clinical posting 5 hrs/day for the assigned duration.

This course is designed to develop the student skill in contact lens fitting and dispensing, Pre and post-operative evaluation of case of Refractive Surgery, Eye banking, Ocular Prosthesis fabrication, dispensing and troubleshooting, Neuro-ophthalmic examination.

Outcomes

After the end of this posting, students should be able to:

·         Examine and dispense the case of Contact lens.

·         Examine Pre and Post-operative Refractive surgery cases.

·         Investigate and analyze process of eye banking.

·         Fabricate, Dispense and Troubleshoot Ocular prosthesis.

·         Examine, diagnose and co-rehabilitate the patient with Neuro-ophthalmic disorders.

Evaluation Scheme:

Attendance	Assignments	Clinical performance + log book evaluation	Class Test	Viva	Case Discussion
5	15	10+10	20	20	20

Third Semester

OPT 601, Visual Rehabilitation in Binocular Vision Anomalies

M.Optom, Third Semester, Second Year

Course Description

This course is designed to student’s knowledge and skills in providing visual rehabilitation services to patients with binocular vision anomalies

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to/ after completion of the course

·         Describe binocular vision and its anomalies

·         Correlate binocular vision anomalies and management

·         Explain use of sequential management  techniques

·         State benefit of binocular visual rehabilitation 

·         Explain pediatric binocular vision rehabilitation options

·         Apply management techniques to patients with binocular vision anomalies

·         Analyzeoutcome of binocular vision management

·         Describe how binocular visual rehabilitation services can be utilized 

·         Discuss follow up and referral management

Course Contents                                                                                                        48 hours

Unit I: Accommodative Anomalies and Management                                           8 hours

·         Accommodation and its anomalies

·         Evaluation

·         Treatment Options

·         Management

Unit II: Vergence Anomalies and Management                                                     8 hours

·         Vergence and its anomalies

·         Evaluation

·         Treatment Options

·         Management

Unit III: Sensory Anomalies and Management                                                      8 hours

·         Abnormal Retinal Correspondence (ARC)

·         Confusion

·         Diplopia

·         Suppression

·         Amblyopia

Unit IV: Motor Anomalies and Management                                                         6 hours

·         Exotropia

·         Esotropia

·         Vertical Deviations

Unit V: Special cases of Restrictive and paralytic strabismus                               6 hours

·         Difference between paralytic and non paralytic strabismus

·         Evaluation 

·         Management Options

Unit VI: Management Options                                                                                8 hours

·         Sequential management of Binocular vision anomalies

o   Glasses/Contact Lens prescription

o   Vision therapy

o   Prism therapy

Unit VII: Vision Therapy                                                                                         10 hours

·         Fusionalvergences

·         Anti-suppression procedures

·         Accommodative procedures

·         Ocular motility procedures

·         Binocular vision and accommodative problems

·         Vision therapy software

·         Patient management issues in vision therapy

·         Vision therapy and Optometry practice

Reference:

·         Richard L. Brilliant, Essentials of Low Vision Practice,Butterworth-Heinemann;1^stedition

·         The Lighthouse Clinician’s Guide to Low Vision Practice

·         Mitchell Scheiman, Low Vision Rehabilitation: A Practical Guide for Occupational Therapists, Slack Incorporated; 2^nd edition

·         Anne L. Corn, Foundations of Low Vision: Clinical and Functional Perspectives, Amer Foundation for the Blind; 2^ndedition

·         Gordon E. Legge, Psychophysics of Reading in Normal and Low Vision,CRC Press;1^stedition

·         Roberto Manduchi,Assistive Technology for Blindness and Low Vision, CRC Press;1^st edition

·         Christine Dickinson, Low Vision: Principles and Practice, Butterworth-Heinemann; 4^thedition

OPT 602, Sports Vision, Environmental and Occupational Optometry

M.Optom, Third Semester, Second Year

Course Description

This course is designed to student’s knowledge and skills in sports vision, occupational history and nutritional status of patients

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students should be able to/ after completion of the course

·         Describe sports vision, occupational history and nutritional status of patient

·         Correlate different visual skills in sports, personal protective equipment in different occupation, aging and nutrition.

·         Analyzeoculo-motor functions

·         Analyze the role of nutrition in aging

·         Apply visual skills and vision therapy for efficient visual performance

·         Plan schedule for screening in different occupations.

Course Contents                                                                                                        24 hours

Unit I: Sports Vision                                                                                                 8 hours

·         Introduction to Sports Vision

·         Visual Demand and Visual processing in sports

·         Evaluation of oculo-motor functions

·         Vision Evaluation Protocols

·         Screening in Sports Person.

·         Prescribing for the athlete.

·         Enhancement of Visual Skills.

·         Ocular injury in Sports- Assessment and co-management.

Unit II:Occupational optometry                                                                              8 hours

·         Introduction to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

·         Taking an Occupational history of a patient.

·         Workplace and Ocular Hazards.

·         Workplace Ergonomics and Lighting Assessment.

·         Prescription based on Occupation.

·         Eye health in industrial setting.

·         Visual Standards of Eye Protection Equipment.

Unit IV: Eye and Nutrition                                                                                      8 hours

·         Measure of Healthy diet and nutritional status.

·         Carotenoids for eye

·         Oxidative stress and the eye

·         Nutrition in Dry eye.

·         Retinitis Pigmentosa (Nutrition and eye)

·         Age Related macular Degeneration and nutrition.

·         Age Related Eye Disease and Nutrition Study (AREDS, CAREDS, LAST, Aston-RCT, CARMA)

·         Contraindication/adverse reaction of Ocular Nutritional supplement

Reference:

·        Graham B. Erickson, Sports Vision: Vision Care for the Enhancement of Sports Performance, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1^st edition

·        Thomas A. Wilson,Sports Vision: Training for Better Performanc, Human Kinetics; 1^stedition

·        Gordon Carson, Eye Essentials: Environmental & Occupational Optometry, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd (2008)

·        Mitchell Scheiman, Understanding and Managing Vision Deficits: A Guide for Occupational Therapists, Slack Incorporated; 3^rdedition

·        Allen G. Taylor, Nutritional and Environmental Influences on the Eye, CRC Press; 1^stedition

·        Frank Eperjesi, Nutrition and the Eye: A Practical Approach, Butterworth-Heinemann; 1^stedition

OPT 603, Teaching Methodology

M.Optom, Third Semester, Second Year

Course Description

This course is designed to equip the students with essential knowledge and skills pertaining to the innovative teaching strategies, communication in teaching and use of technology in health education. It enables the students in designing, selecting and using appropriate teaching materials and media in health education

Course Outcomes

The general objectives of this course are as follows:

·         To equip the students with general knowledge of innovative instructional strategies in education.

·         To widen the horizon of knowledge and understanding of students with a view to making them able to select appropriative approaches and materials/media for classroom teaching.

·         To enable the students to apply the innovative teaching strategies and its method as per the situation of school and community.

·         To enable the student to use information Education communication technology, multimedia and locally available materials for innovative and effective teaching

·         To analyze critically the curriculum of health science.

Course Contents                                                                                                 

Unit I Instructional Designs                                                                                     10 hours

·          Concept of teaching and instructional technology

·         Theories of teaching (formal, descriptive  and normative)

·         Types of instructional design

o   Objective based and Subjective based

o   Skill based

o   Competency based

o   Learning-style based

o   Model based (ADDIE, Dick and Carey Models)      

Unit II: Innovative teaching strategies                                                                    22 hours

·         Concept of innovation and innovative teaching strategies in health education and related field

·         Innovative and participatory strategies

o   Workshop/Seminars /Symposium

o   Counselling

o   Project method

o   Micro-teaching and peer teaching-learning

o   Games, simulation, field trip and   imagination

o   Collaborative Learning

o   Critical thinking/ Brainstorming

o   Problem-Based Learning (PBL)

o   Case study

o   Dialogical method

o   Inquiry-based learning

Reference

1.      Aggrawal, J.C. (1999). Principles, methods & techniques of teaching. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. (Unit I).

2.      Bradshaw, M.J., and Lowenstain, A.J. (2011). Innovative teaching strategies in nursing and related health professions. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ( For Unit II and IV)

3.      Mangal, S. K. &Mangal, U. (2009). Essential of educational technology. New Delhi: PHI Learning Limited. (Unit I )

4.      Mohan, R. (2011). Teacher education. New Delhi: PHI Leaning Private Limited.

5.      Mudwari, N. (2068 B.S.). (Nepali) Modern approaches in heath education. Kathmandu: Jupiter Publisher and Distributors

6.      Ramachandran, L. &Dharmalingham, T. (2004). Health education: A new approach. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

7.      Sampath,K., Panneerselvam, A. &Santhanan, A. (2000). Introduction to educational technology (4^th edit.) New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

8.      Vedanaynyagam, E.G (1989). Teaching technology for college teachers. New Delhi: Sterling publishers Pvt. Ltd.

OPT 604, Community Eye Health and Project Management

M.Optom, Third Semester, Second Year

Course Description

The course is designed to introduce the students to basic knowledge of community and its health related problems so that they can apply their knowledge in future to combat community visual problems and apply their best of their skills to upgrade the health status of the community.  The knowledge will give them the broad horizon to pick up the cases earlier so as to tackle and prevent avoidable blindness and visual impairment. This course will also expose the students to the broad range of work setup including satellite clinics, vision screening in communities, schools, and industries.

Course Outcomes

At the end of this course students should be able to:

·         Explain the concept of health and diseases and its determinants

·         Describe the basic concept of public health and its related subjects

·         Describe an epidemiological aspect of eye health-related events,.

·         Understand environmental sanitation aspects

·         Explain the local and global declaration, policies and strategies in eye health

·         Describe the magnitude, causes and control strategies for the major blinding and visual impairment in global and local context

·         Identify existing health facilities, health institutions.

o   Service provision

o   Workforce

o   Information system

·         Explain the concept and application of project management in community eye health

Course Contents

Unit I. Concept of Health and disease                                                                       6 hours

·         Concept of health and disease

o   Define terminology-health, wellbeing, illness, sickness and disease

o   Philosophy of health; dimensions of health, changing concepts of health, spectrum of health, Responsibility for health: Individual, community, state and international

o     Concept of disease; iceberg phenomenon of disease;

o   Concept of causation (germ theory of disease; epidemiological triad; multi-factorial causation; web of causation; natural history of disease: pre-pathogenesis and pathogenesis phase)

o   Determinants of health

o   Prevention, its levels in line with phases of disease concurrent to natural history

·         Indicators of Health (Concept and characteristics of health indicator; Different types of mortality and morbidity indicators: blindness Indicators- age-specific blindness rate; infant blindness rate; cataract surgical  rate and cataract coverage rate; Morbidity indicators: incidence and prevalence)

Unit II: Concept of Public Health                                                                            7 hours

·         Definition of Public health, History of public health in global and local context

·         Concept of preventive medicine, community medicine, clinical medicine, social medicine, community health

·         Concept and application of demography in eye health

·         Concept and roles of health economics in eye health

·         Application of public health from medical model, spiritual model and holistic model

Unit III- Epidemiology                                                                                              10 hours

·         Concept, Definition, scope and use of epidemiology in eye health

·         Calculate epidemiological indices focusing on eye health

·         Epidemiological methods- descriptive  and analytical

·         Cause and effect relationship

·         Epidemiological investigation in community eye health

·         Implications of epidemiological intervention in eye health

·         Concept of screening (sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, reliability)

Unit IV- Environmental sanitation                                                                          3 hours

·         Definition of environment health, environmental sanitation

·         Waste, type, source and management of medical and non-medical waste, nosocomial infection

·         Healthy housing conditions and personal hygiene                                        

Unit IV-Eye health system                                                                                        12 hours

·         Concept of community and its characteristics

·         Concept of community eye health, magnitude of blindness and visual impairment ( global/local)

·         Sustainable Development Goals and eye health

·         International declarations, policy  and strategies in eye health

·         National health policy, planning/programs including eye health.

·         Existing eye health facilities in changing context of Nepal                           

·         Integration of eye health into wide health system

·         Central, provincial and Local health institutions       

o   Service provision

o   Workforce

o   Information system

Unit V-Project Management in community eye health                                          10 hours

·         Concept of project and program in community eye health

·         Project management life cycle: initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling and closing

·         Steps of project management

·         Importance of project management

·         Develop a project proposal in community eye health

·         Apply the proposed concept in community action

References:

1.      Bonita, Ruth, Beaglehole, Robert, Kjellström, Tord & World Health Organization. (‎2006)‎. Basic epidemiology, 2nd ed. Geneva : World Health Organization. 

2.      K. Park. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Publisher: BanarsidasBhanot Publishers (1 January 2017)

3.      Robert D. Newcomb, Jerry L. Jolley. Public Health and Community Optometry. Edition illustrated, Publisher;Thomas, 1980. the University of California

4.      Grover, Lori L. OD. Making Eye Health a Population Imperative: A Vision for Tomorrow—A Report by the Committee on Public Health Approaches to Reduce Vision Impairment and Promote Eye Health. Optometry and Vision Science: April 2017 - Volume 94 - Issue 4 - p 444–445.

OPT 605, Entrepreneurship and professional ethics

M.Optom, Third Semester, Second Year

Course description

This course is aimed to strengthen student’s confidence in establishing clinical practice and provide knowledge about social factors which contribute to our understanding of the social dimensions of health, sickness and ill-health. It also familiarize student with present medico legal situation and optometric ethics in Nepal.

Course Outcomes

At the end of the course, the students will be able to:

·         Explain Entrepreneurial economy & society.

·         Explain theories of medical sociology.

·         Describe the psychological and social consequences of poverty; and the medical condition which may be associated with it.

·         Explain how effective communication between clinician and client can affect the clinical effectiveness.

·         List and explain Stigmatized health conditions.

·         Analyze the position of optometrists in health leadership.

Course Contents                               

Section 1: Entrepreneurship

Unit I: Entrepreneurship and Innovation                                                              3 hours

·         Recent  approachesin entrepreneurship

·         Determinants of entrepreneurship,

·         Entrepreneurial economy & society

·         Systematic Entrepreneurship & Purposeful Innovation

·         Sources of innovative opportunities

·         Screening  and business selection process

Unit II: Entrepreneurial Management                                                                    3 hours

·         Management for successful start up

·         Management of growth and expansions

·         Corporate venturing, networking and franchising

·         Management of innovation in entrepreneurial business

Unit III: Entrepreneurial Strategies                                                                        3 hours

·         Facility planning

·         Radical innovations and strategy

·         Creative imitation and strategy

·         Innovation for niche markets and strategy

·         Innovation in marketing and its strategy

Unit IV: Entrepreneurial Operation                                                                       3 hours

·         Concept and approaches

·         Legal environment and taxation

·         Entrepreneurial team and organization,

·         Market analysis and marketing strategies and plans,

·         Entrepreneurial finance

Unit IV: Leadership and Communication                                                              3hours

·         Motivation and communication

·         Resource mobilization

·         Managing   People

Section II: Professional Ethics and Medical Sociology

Unit I: Personal and organizational ethics                                                              5 hours

·         Code of ethics in optometry

·         Implication of ethics in profession                                         

·         Prevailing medical law practice in Nepal                               

·         Definition of Medical law and Professional ethics, Medical laws in Nepal  

·         Patients' rights and responsibility                                          

·         Regulation of health professions in Nepal                             

·         Interpretation of NHPC act and regulation

Unit II: Medical Sociology                                                                                        11 hours

·         Introduction, Medical Sociology and Social Medicine

·         Theories in Medical Sociology

·         Theories and Concept of Disease

·         Health Institutions and Channels of Healthcare

·         Various health care Practitioners

·         Utilization of Health Services

·         Culture and Health

o   Cultural Meaning of Illness

o   Stigmatization of illness                                                                      

·         Eye  care institutions as a Social Institution

·         Disparities of gender, race and ethnicity ineye health

·         Socioeconomic impacts and their consequences toward health and disease

·         Health for disables and mental disorders

Unit III: Professional communication                                                                     2 hours

·         Clinician –patient relationship and mutual understanding

·         Extraprofessional communication                 

·         Intraprofessional communication

·         Workshop

Reference

1.      Code of ethics of Bachelor of Optometry, NHPC, Nepal

2.      Drucker, Peter F. (2007), Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Elsevier

3.      Khanal, Krishna (2018), Business ethics and social responsibility, ABC Publication Kathmandu, Nepal

4.      Cockerham W. C. (1982). Medical Sociology, Second Edition, Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs. Jones, L and James S.P. (1975).

5.      Sociology in Medicine, English: Ilorin Press, Land. Parsons T. (1979).

6.      Bhide,Amar(1994). How Entrepreneurs Craft Strategies that Work, Harvard Business Review March - April

7.      Sahlman,W. (1997), How to write a great business plan, Harvard Business Review, July – August

8.      KuratkoD.F.,&Hodgetts, Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, Practice (7^thed), R.M. (2004). Mason, OH: Southwestern

9.      HisrichR.D.Entrepreneurship,TataMcGraw-Hil,India,

10.  Health Related laws in Nepal

OPT 641, Field Practice on Community Eye Health Project

M.Optom, Third Semester, Second Year

Course Description

The course is designed to develop the skills to develop, execute and evaluate the community eye health project to understand the whole cycle of project management to address the community eye health problems at community. The student will able to handle independently to combat community visual problems and apply their best of their skills to upgrade the eye health status of the community.

Course Outcomes

At the end of this course students should be able to:

·         Develop the skills to plan the community eye health project

·         Execute the community eye health project

·         Evaluate the community eye health project

·         Develop the skill to present the findings with different stakeholders

·         Enhance the capacity to write the report of community action

Course Contents

Unit I: Orient the Project Management in Community Eye Health                     13 hours

·         Develop the proposal of community eye health project

·         Three days orientation program before community placement in concept project management, cycle, steps, components of project proposal, screening, training approaches, presentation styles and its audience, components of report

Unit II: Implementation of Eye health Project in Community                             120 hours

·         Implement the community eye health project in community

·         Evaluate the community eye health project

·         Share the findings of project to community

Unit III: Dissemination and Submission of Eye Health Project                            3 hours

·         Dissemination of the findings of community action

·         Submission the report of community eye health project

References books

1.      Definitions of Health and Illness in the Light of American Values and Social Structure. New York: Free Press

2.      Bhide,Amar (1994). How Entrepreneurs Craft Strategies that Work, Harvard Business Review March - April

3.      Sahlman, W. (1997), How to write a great business plan, Harvard Business Review, July – August

4.      Kuratko, D.F., &Hodgetts,Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, Practice (7^thed.)., R.M. (2004). Mason, OH: Southwestern.

5.      Hisrich, R.D., Peters, M.P. & Shepherd, D.A. (2007). Entrepreneurship, India,TataMcGraw-Hil

6.      Health Related laws in Nepal

OPT 642, Posting III

M.Optom, Third Semester, Second Year

Description

 Each student will have to attend clinical posting 5 hrs/day for the assigned duration.

This course is designed to develop the student skill in Teaching Methodology, Low vision examination and rehabilitation, Vision therapy, Ocular diagnostics and Ophthalmic Imaging.

Outcomes

·         Should be able to make lesson plans and conduct classes.

·         Examine a case of low vision and rehabilitate them.

·         Examine and conduct vision therapy procedures.

·         Should be able to operate and interpret result of ocular diagnostics.

·         Should be able to interpret result of ophthalmic imaging diagnostics.

Evaluation Scheme:

Attendance	Assignments	Clinical performance + log book evaluation	Class Test	Viva	Case Discussion
5	15	10+10	20	20	20

Fourth Semester

OPT 651, Elective Course

M.Optom, Fourth Semester, Second Year

Course Description:

This course is designed to empower knowledge and skills in a student in any one of the sub-specialties of eye care.

Outcome:

By the end of the course student will be able to:

·         Describe in detail on any of the sub-specialty course.

·         Perform detailed examination and rehabilitation in any of the sub-specialty course.

·         Present at least 2 Case report on the sub-specialty course offered.

·         Present at least 5 Journal Club Presentation.

Course Offered:

·         Contact lens

·         Ophthalmic Dispensing

·         Binocular Vision and Vision therapy

·         Low Vision

·         Ophthalmic imaging

·         Refractive surgery

·         Eye banking

·         Electrophysiology

·         Ocular Prosthesis

·         Corneal disorders

·         Glaucoma

·         Retinal Disorders

·         Neuro-ophthalmology

·         Pediatric ophthalmology

OPT 691 Clinical Dissertation

M.Optom, Fourth Semester, Second Year

Course Description

This course will develop inquisitive skills of students in the field of optometry (M. Optom) through preparation and implementation of research projects. Students are expected to carry out a research project in selected issues of Optometry in close supervision of faculty members.  This course is primarily practical in nature and will be taught through library and internet browser, class interactions supervised field works, preparation, and sharing of the research report and scientific communication: presentation and publication.

Learning Objectives

After completion of this course students should be able to:

·         Identify researchable issues in the field of Optometry

·         Developing and finalizing a research proposal consisting of all the components of an academic research

·         Carry out clinical research following the provisions made on the approved research protocol

·         Prepare and defend clinical research report on the ophthalmic issue.

·         Perform scientific communication of results by presenting

Course contents

This unit is a follow up topic of OPT 504 (Research methodology). Students have to collect data throughout second and third semester and analyze it. They have to submit the paper 2 months prior the final exam and defend it on the end of final semester.

Evaluation Scheme                                                                                       

·         1. Internal (60%)

o   Preparation of proposal and defense                                      20%

o   Thesis report                                                                            30%

o   Thesis defense                                                                         10%    

·         External (40%)

o   Thesis report                                                                            20%

o   Thesis defense (presentation and viva)                                   20%

 References

1.      Cotrell, Randy and James F. McKenzie. Health Education and Promotion Research Methods.

2.      Hopkins, Charles D. (1980). Understanding Educational Research. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company.

3.      Varkevisser C.M, IndraPathmanathan and Anna Brownlee, Designing and Conducting Health System Research Projects: Health System Research Training Series Volume 2: IDRC/WHO, 1992.

4.      Kerlinger, Fred N. and Howard B. Lee, Foundation of Behavioral Research, WadsworthThomson Learning, 2000

5.      Mahajan, BK, Methods in Biostatistics for Medical Students and Research Workers, Japee Brothers, 2004

OPT 692, Posting IV

M.Optom, Fourth Semester, Second Year

Description

Each student will have to attend clinical posting 5 hrs/day for the assigned duration.

Each student will have to attend 2 weeks of community posting.

Each student will have to submit logbook of the cases seen during clinical posting.

This course is designed to develop the student skill in community diagnosis of ocular system   related abnormalities and Ophthalmic dispensing.

Outcomes

·         Examine, dispense and troubleshoot in ophthalmic dispensing.

·         Should be able to perform community diagnosis, generate and present report data of community visit.

·         Should present the logbook of the cases seen during clinical posting.

Attendance	Clinical case presentation (Long)	Clinical case presentation (short)	Viva	Log book evaluation
5	20	10	50	10